Catalyst Deactivation in the Abatement of Atmospheric Pollutants: Origin, Resistance, and Regeneration

Catalytic technology has been extensively utilized for the removal of atmospheric pollutants. Nevertheless, the intricate nature of gaseous pollutant compositions and the fluctuations in operating conditions often lead to catalyst deactivation. This review comprehensively summarizes the deactivation phenomena of catalysts during the catalytic elimination of various pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NO_x), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), hydrocarbons (HCs), soot, and non-CO₂ greenhouse gases (CH₄, N₂O, fluorinated gases). An in-depth exploration of the deactivation mechanisms is conducted, with a focus on the potential compensatory and aggravating effects among poisons under complex operating conditions. Furthermore, effective strategies for fabricating poisoning-resistant catalysts are discussed. For instance, the incorporation of sacrificial sites is proposed as a viable approach to alleviate catalyst poisoning. The sensor system and the model for catalyst deactivation are also presented. Regarding deactivated catalysts, this review delineates effective regeneration methods. It presents a novel descriptor for selecting detoxifying agents based on acid dissociation constants and a strategy for masking intractable poisons. Finally, this review emphasizes the significance of appropriate catalyst evaluation methods in accurately gauging a catalyst's genuine resistance to deactivation. It also highlights that rational catalyst evaluation methodologies, coupled with artificial intelligence-assisted catalyst design, hold great potential for extending catalyst lifespan and enhancing the efficient management of pollutants.