Self‐Energy Engineering via Structured‐Bath Dressing for Amplitude–Phase Decoupled Control in Dynamic Holographic Metasurfaces

ABSTRACT Independent control of amplitude and phase remains a central challenge in reconfigurable metasurfaces. However, in most existing approaches, the physical connection between device tuning parameters and underlying resonant modes remains unclear. Here, a new theoretical analysis method combining the electromagnetic response Jacobian with the Friedrichs–Lee self‐energy model is proposed. The method formulates amplitude–phase decoupling as a local parameter–response problem and reveals the mechanism of amplitude–phase coupling at the resonant modes level. Based on this model, a structured‐bath design is established as a concrete approach to realizing amplitude–phase decoupling. The mechanism is systematically validated and implemented in a reconfigurable meta‐atom. Two independent electrical tuning parameters selectively regulate different modal responses, enabling continuous reflection‐amplitude tuning from −10 dB to nearly 0 dB while maintaining broad phase coverage. Furthermore, a programmable metasurface is constructed based on the experimentally measured accessible complex‐response state cloud. A region‐adaptive mapping method is introduced to map the ideal complex‐amplitude distribution onto experimentally realizable states. Dynamic complex‐amplitude holography is subsequently demonstrated, validating the decoupling mechanism at the programmable wavefront level. This work provides a physically informed and practical design strategy for amplitude–phase decoupling in reconfigurable metasurfaces, supporting the advancement of dynamic complex‐amplitude wavefront control and programmable metasurface technologies.