Consistency and quality assessment of multi-GNSS precise products from different analysis centers considering phase bias

Abstract Consistency analysis and quality assessment of precise products from different centers are crucial for the integration of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) products and the enhancement of system performance. Existing studies have mainly focused on orbits and clocks, while systematic evaluations of phase bias products and quantitative comparisons of recent GNSS improvements remain limited. This study assesses the major analysis centers (ACs), including the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), GeoForschungszentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Wuhan University (WHU), and the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), from the perspectives of product consistency and quality. The results indicate centimeter-level orbit consistency for all systems, with BDS-2 performing relatively worse at about 13 cm. Integer-clock consistency is better than 1 dm for GPS and Galileo, remains within 2.6 dm for BDS-2 and BDS-3, and is comparatively poorer for GLONASS. ADEV analysis shows generally consistent clock stability across centers, with Galileo and BDS-3 showing the best performance. Positioning performance varies among ACs, systems, and modes. Specifically, the CODE final product (except for Galileo) and the WHU rapid product (WUMR) consistently deliver the most robust results in most scenarios. Pass rates of wide-lane and narrow-lane residuals exceed 82.9% for all constellations, except for slightly lower values for BDS-2. This indicates that phase bias products from all centers generally exhibit good quality and provide sufficient support for ambiguity resolution. Among them, the GFZ rapid product (GFZ) and WUMR perform the best, but GFZ is somewhat constrained by its limited signal coverage.