The impact of AI-mediated gamified flipped learning on adult English language learners’ vocabulary learning and motivation in mobile-assisted language learning contexts

While there is increasing interest in the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in second language instruction, the interplay between AI-mediated gamification and flipped learning on vocabulary development and motivation in adults remains underexplored. This research addresses a notable gap by exploring the impact of an AI-assisted gamified tool integrated into a flipped classroom framework on vocabulary acquisition and learner motivation among intermediate-level English language learners in six different countries. A concurrent mixed-methods randomized controlled trial was conducted with 114 participants. They were divided into an experimental group that utilized the WordUp app within a flipped learning framework, and a control group that adhered to traditional flipped learning methods. The quantitative data gathered from the validated scales indicated that the experimental group experienced notably greater vocabulary gains and higher levels of intrinsic motivation. Insights from pre- and post-intervention semi-structured interviews highlighted a rise in learner autonomy, enhanced engagement, and improved cognitive load management, all supported by the adaptive features of AI scaffolding. The findings collectively highlight the educational benefits of incorporating AI-assisted gamified instruction to enhance vocabulary acquisition and maintain motivation among adults learning a second language.