Exploring Covalent C– 18 F Bonding Strategies in the Design of FAP-Targeted Radiotracers

Quinoline-based fibroblast activation protein inhibitors (FAPIs) have shown great potential for tumor diagnosis and therapy. To address the instability and limited applicability of [ 18 F]AlF coordination chemistry, we designed nine fluorinated FAPIs incorporating the UAMC-1110 pharmacophore, enabling 18 F-labeling through the formation of stable C– 18 F covalent bonds. All compounds exhibited high fibroblast activation protein affinities ( K i = 0.092–1.22 nM). Among them, [ 18 F] 54, synthesized via copper-catalyzed click chemistry, demonstrated excellent in vivo performance, achieving a high tumor-to-muscle ratio (TMR = 11 ± 3.1) at 60 min postinjection (p.i.) and sustained tumor retention, with only a 19% decrease from 30 to 120 min p.i. These findings support [ 18 F] 54 as a promising candidate for FAP-targeted imaging and highlight C– 18 F bond formation as a compelling alternative to [ 18 F]AlF methods for developing next-generation FAP-targeted positron emission tomography tracers.