Carbon dot and BiVO4quantum dot composites for overall water splitting via a two-electron pathway

Carbon dot and BiVO4 quantum dot composites (CDs/BiVO4 QDs) show a significantly improved photocatalytic activity and high stability for overall water splitting. By using 5% CDs/BiVO4 QDs as photocatalysts, the H2 evolution of 0.92 μmol h−1, was achieved under solar light irradiation without any cocatalysts or sacrificial reagents, which is about 4 times that of BiVO4 QDs (0.21 μmol h−1). Note that, for the CD/BiVO4 QD catalyst, the produced H2 and O2 are approximately equal to the stoichiometric ratio (H2 : O2 = 1.80 : 1), while that of BiVO4 QDs is nonstoichiometric (about only 0.06 : 1). In addition, the present water splitting occurs via a two-electron pathway and CDs and BiVO4 QDs served as the reduction and oxidation reaction active sites, respectively.