Design of sustainable ultra-high performance concrete: A review

Sustainable ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) design is the process of varying the type and quantity of individual constituents (including energy-reduced constituent such as waste) to yield a cement based material that satisfies the ever-increasing requirements of environmental sustainability apart from the general targets of workability, mechanical properties and durability. This review article critically summaries the recent advances in the sustainable UHPC design approaches including experimental optimization, statistical design, and close packing-based design. The scientific insights on the mechanism, procedure, limitation of each approach have been presented. Besides, comparative studies, intrinsic relation as well as the current trend of the aforementioned methods have been summarized, aiming to provide pathways and recommendations for the development of sustainable UHPC in meeting various design specifications.