Assessment of the effects of mimicking tissue microstructural properties on apparent diffusion coefficient and apparent exchange rate in diffusion MRI via a series of specially designed phantoms

Purpose Diffusion MRI provides a valuable tool for imaging tissue microstructure. However, due to the lack of related experimental methods and specially designed phantoms, no experimental study has been conducted yet to quantitatively assess the effects of membrane permeability, intracellular volume fraction (IVF), and intracellular diffusivity on the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) obtained from diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), and the effects of membrane permeability on the apparent exchange rate (AXR) obtained from filter exchange imaging (FEXI). Methods A series of phantoms with three adjustable parameters was designed to mimic tissue microstructural properties including membrane permeability, IVF, and intracellular diffusivity. Quantitative experiments were conducted to assess the effects of these properties on ADC and AXR. DWI scans were performed to obtain axial and radial ADC values. FEXI scans were performed to obtain AXR values. Results Axial ADC values range from 1.148 μm 2 /ms to 2.157 μm 2 /ms, and radial ADC values range from 0.904 μm 2 /ms to 2.067 μm 2 /ms. Radial ADC decreased with a decrease in fiber permeability. Decreased axial and radial ADC values with increased intra‐fiber volume fraction, and increased polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) concentration of the intra‐fiber space were observed. AXR values range from 2.1 s −1 to 4.9 s −1 . AXR increases with fiber permeability. Conclusion The proposed phantoms can quantitatively evaluate the effects of mimicking tissue microstructural properties on ADC and AXR. This new phantom design provides a potential method for further understanding the biophysical mechanisms underlying the change in ADC and diffusion exchange.