Multi-affinity electrochemical perfluorooctanoic acid sensing enabled by a microenvironment-engineered MOF synergy

and exhibited high selectivity against interfering per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and common coexisting interferents. Successful validation in tap water, river water, seawater, and groundwater demonstrated its practical utility for environmental water analysis, with the results showing strong agreement with those obtained by LC-MS/MS.