Ophthalmic Adverse Events of Systemic Immunotherapy and Targeted Cancer Therapy: A Review

Systemic anti-cancer treatment has evolved rapidly with the introduction of immunotherapy and targeted therapies, substantially improving survival across a broad spectrum of malignancies. However, as their use expands, ophthalmic toxicities are increasingly recognised as clinically significant adverse effects. This review outlines the pathophysiology, clinical spectrum and management strategies for ophthalmic adverse events linked to immune checkpoint inhibitors, MEK, BRAF, FGFR, ERK, EGFR, HER2, BTK, FLT-3, Bcr-Abl, ALK inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates.