Extracellular matrix scaffold-immune microenvironment modulates tissue regeneration

A promising paradigm to regenerative medicine involves the application of biomaterials, which makes a spurt of progress in the past 20 years. Of various biomaterials, decellularized biomaterials possess good biocompatibility and great potential for clinical translation. The role of decellularized biomaterials in tissue repair and regeneration is not just the structure and delivering bioactive matters, what's even important, the interaction between biomaterials and the internal environment, especially the scaffold-immune system interactions, which is the initial response to in vivo implantation. Consequently, we have reviewed the immunogenicity of decellularized scaffolds derived from various tissues and organs, and immunomodulatory effects of decellularized scaffolds in the view of innate and adaptive immune systems. Finally, we discuss the influence factors of host responses mediated by decellularized biomaterials. Decellularized scaffold-immune interactions can provide important mechanistic insight into the development of decellularized materials in vivo, penetrating into the knowledge is the necessary precondition for the clinical translation.