Advancements in synthesis methods and their effects on the physico-chemical properties and yield efficiency of ZSM-5/SAPO-34 composites: a comprehensive review

Abstract The introduction of SAPO-34/ZSM-5 composite zeolites has significantly advanced the field of catalysis due to their unique hierarchical structure, adjustable acidity, and shape-selective properties. By combining the distinct features of ZSM-5 and SAPO-34, these composites have improved catalytic activity, stability, and selectivity in processes such as methanol-to-olefins (MTO). Since 2010, various synthesis techniques, including hydrothermal, ultrasonic-assisted, steam-assisted, microwave assisted, and solid-solid transformation methods, have been developed to optimize the textural and chemical properties of these materials. This review aims to comprehensively examine these synthesis methods, focusing on their conditions, impact on physicochemical properties, and catalytic efficiency. By highlighting recent advancements and addressing existing challenges, we hope to provide insights that will improve composite synthesis and encourage broader industrial applications in catalysis.