Equity in action: a scoping review and meta-framework for embedding equity in quality improvement

BACKGROUND: There are increasing efforts to include equity in all quality improvement (QI) initiatives. A comprehensive framework to embed equity in QI has been lacking, which acts as a barrier to the QI community from taking action to reduce healthcare inequities. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this scoping review were to: (1) map and summarise available equity frameworks for QI and (2) create a 'meta-framework' for QI leaders and practitioners, with engagement of people with lived experience of health inequities. METHODS: Articles were identified with searches of four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo and CINAHL) and review of reference lists from included articles. Articles that reported how equity can be meaningfully integrated into QI were included. A qualitative inductive thematic analysis and community member engagement and consultation were completed to clarify recommended strategies for embedding equity in QI. RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 2776 unique articles, with 40 meeting the inclusion criteria. A meta-framework for embedding equity in QI was created that has two enablers: broadening theoretic underpinnings and organisational culture, structures and leadership. The meta-framework also has six domains: (1) engage with people with lived experience of health inequities; (2) define the equity problem and aim; (3) diversify and train the QI team; (4) examine broader root causes; (5) intervene to reduce inequities; and (6) measure impacts on equity. The community member consultation identified key facilitators and common pitfalls in involving community members in QI. CONCLUSION: This meta-framework is a comprehensive resource to integrate equity into all aspects of QI practice. Further study of its implementation is recommended. Revisions to QI guidelines and training curricula are also needed to drive and sustain the embedding of equity in QI.