Psychometric evaluation and item response theory analysis of the COVID Stress Scales in an older adult population

Objectives The COVID Stress Scales (CSS) represent a widely used self-report measure of stress and anxiety-related responses to COVID-19. Although the CSS have been validated across various nations and languages, their psychometric properties have not been assessed at the factor- or item-level with older adults. We aimed to psychometrically evaluate the CSS in older adults.