Sanguinarine suppresses oral squamous cell carcinoma progression by targeting the PKM2/TFEB aix to inhibit autophagic flux

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies. However, there is no effective treatment for OSCC. PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify a natural compound with significant efficacy against OSCC and elucidate its primary mechanism of action. METHODS: An FDA-approved drug library and an MCE autophagy-related molecular compound library were screened through high-throughput screening to identify an effective natural compound against OSCC. The IC50 value of sanguinarine (Sang) in OSCC cells was determined using a CCK8 assay. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess the effect of Sang on autophagic flux in OSCC cells. Changes in the acidic lysosomal environment were evaluated using RFP-GFP-LC3B and LysoSensor Green DND-189. Furthermore, limited proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry (LiP-MS) and virtual screening techniques were utilized to identify direct binding targets of Sang, which were subsequently validated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and microscale thermophoresis (MST). Molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics analysis identified the binding site between the target protein and Sang. In vitro and in vivo investigations with mutant plasmids confirmed this finding. RESULTS: Screening led to the identification of the naturally occurring autophagy modulator Sang as a potent inhibitor of OSCC progression. Moreover, Sang impaired lysosomal function through reducing lysosomal-associated membrane proteins, inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis, and altering the lysosomal pH. These effects contributed to defects in autophagic clearance and subsequently suppressed OSCC progression. Notably, Sang bound the phenylalanine 26 (F26) residue in pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and inhibited PKM2 enzymatic activity, subsequently suppressing transcription factor EB (TFEB) expression to inhibit lysosomal function and blocking autophagic flux in OSCC cells. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate for the first time that Sang can suppress the PKM2/TFEB axis, and influence lysosomal function, thereby blocking autophagy and inhibiting the progression of OSCC, making it a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of OSCC.