A Modified Ligature‐Induced Peri‐Implantitis Murine Model and RNA Sequencing Analysis Compared With Human Subjects

ABSTRACT Aim To propose a modified method for establishing a peri‐implantitis murine model, assess the gene expression profile and immune cell infiltration of the gingiva and alveolar bone, and evaluate the transcriptomic similarity between patients with peri‐implantitis and the corresponding murine model. Materials and Methods A ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis murine model was established using an immediate implant placement approach. RNA sequencing was performed to determine the transcriptomic profiles of peri‐implant tissues from mice, patients with peri‐implantitis and healthy individuals. Histopathological and bioinformatics analyses were performed to measure immune cell infiltration, bone remodelling, and inflammatory reactions. Results Mouse gingival tissue showed strong immune and inflammatory responses, especially macrophage functions; these responses were weaker in the alveolar bone. Humans and mice showed similar gene expression patterns in the gingiva, with greater infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils. Conclusions During peri‐implantitis progression, mouse gingival tissue exhibited increased immune‐related functions and inflammation compared with the alveolar bone. Patients with peri‐implantitis and the murine model displayed transcriptomic similarities within the gingiva. We propose that the modified ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis murine model is suitable for investigating peri‐implantitis pathogenesis, with macrophages and neutrophils potentially being critical in its development.