Extracellular vesicles derived from irradiated oral squamous cell carcinoma cells inhibits M2 macrophage polarization by the miR-198-5p/MYD88 axis

Our findings indicate that EVs rich in miR-198-5p derived from irradiated OSCC cells inhibit M2 polarization of macrophages through inhibition of MYD88 expression; thus suggesting that encapsulating miR-198-5p within EVs may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for OSCC.