Research progress on the chemical composition of galli gigeriae endothelium corneum

Galli Gigeriae Endothelium Corneum (GGEC), commonly known as "Ji Nei Jin" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is derived from the dried inner lining of the chicken gizzard. It has been widely used for centuries in China for treating indigestion, enuresis, gallstones, and urinary calculi. Recent studies have revealed that GGEC contains a variety of bioactive constituents, including proteins, amino acids, peptides, enzymes, and trace elements, which contribute to its diverse pharmacological activities. Modern pharmacological investigations have demonstrated its efficacy in promoting gastrointestinal motility, enhancing digestive enzyme activity, regulating glucose metabolism, dissolving stones, and exerting anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. Moreover, clinical and experimental research has supported its potential as an adjunct in treating metabolic and digestive disorders. Despite these promising findings, limitations such as unclear mechanisms of action, lack of standardized preparations, and insufficient clinical trials hinder its broader application. This review aims to summarize the traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and current research progress of GGEC, and to provide a reference for future studies and clinical utilization.