Development of Terminator–Promoter Bifunctional Elements for Application in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pathway Engineering

The construction of a genetic circuit requires the substitution and redesign of different promoters and terminators. The assembly efficiency of exogenous pathways will also decrease significantly when the number of regulatory elements and genes is increased. We speculated that a novel bifunctional element with promoter and terminator functions could be created via the fusion of a termination signal with a promoter sequence. In this study, the elements from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae promoter and terminator were employed to design a synthetic bifunctional element. The promoter strength of the synthetic element is apparently regulated through a spacer sequence and an upstream activating sequence (UAS) with a ~5-fold increase, and the terminator strength could be finely regulated by the efficiency element, with a ~5-fold increase. Furthermore, the use of a TATA box-like sequence resulted in the adequate execution of both functions of the TATA box and the efficiency element. By regulating the TATA box-like sequence, UAS, and spacer sequence, the strengths of the promoter-like and terminator-like bifunctional elements were optimally fine-tuned with ~8-fold and ~7-fold increases, respectively. The application of bifunctional elements in the lycopene biosynthetic pathway showed an improved pathway assembly efficiency and higher lycopene yield. The designed bifunctional elements effectively simplified pathway construction and can serve as a useful toolbox for yeast synthetic biology.