Coupled incremental precursor and co-factor supply improves 3-hydroxypropionic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is an attractive platform chemical, which can be used to produce a variety of commodity chemicals, such as acrylic acid and acrylamide. For enabling a sustainable alternative to petrochemicals as the feedstock for these commercially important chemicals, fermentative production of 3-HP is widely investigated and is centered on bacterial systems in most cases. However, bacteria present certain drawbacks for large-scale organic acid production. In this study, we have evaluated the production of 3-HP in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae through a route from malonyl-CoA, because this allows performing the fermentation at low pH thus making the overall process cheaper. We have further engineered the host strain by increasing availability of the precursor malonyl-CoA and by coupling the production with increased NADPH supply we were able to substantially improve 3-HP production by five-fold, up to a final titer of 463 mg l⁻¹. Our work thus led to a demonstration of 3-HP production in yeast via the malonyl-CoA pathway, and this opens for the use of yeast as a cell factory for production of bio-based 3-HP and derived acrylates in the future.