Recent progress of phosphorus composite anodes for sodium/potassium ion batteries

Developing highly efficient energy storage technologies is of great significance as the strong support for the utilization of renewable and sustainable energy. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted considerable attentions as the new generation metal-ion batteries due to the abundance natural reserve and cost-effective merits of Na and K. Phosphorus is viewed as a promising candidate among various anode materials while its poor cycling stability and sluggish electrochemical reaction dynamics caused by huge volume variation and inherently low electronic conductivity greatly limit its practical use for energy storage devices. Compositing by introducing a suitable second component has been proposed as an effective strategy to potentially resolve those issues. Herein, the research progress of phosphorus composite anodes for SIBs/KIBs is reviewed. We firstly summarized the primary modulation methods of anode materials with the working mechanisms of red/black phosphorus (RP/BP) for SIBs/KIBs introduced. The compositing strategies and materials were then reviewed for RP and BP separately from carbonaceous, metallic and organic polymer substrates, respectively. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of RP/BP composites in the development of SIBs/KIBs were presented with the hope to provide some inspirations for the design and fabrication of advanced SIBs/KIBs energy storage systems.