HDAC6 regulates BACE1 stability and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, tau pathology, and neuroinflammation. The β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a key driver of Aβ production, while the NLRP3 inflammasome mediates microglial inflammatory responses. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a cytoplasmic deacetylase, is upregulated in AD, yet its role in disease mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we show that HDAC6 promotes BACE1 protein stability through direct deacetylation of its C-terminal lysine (K501), thereby increasing Aβ production. HDAC6 also facilitated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia, increasing IL-1β production in a catalytic domain-dependent manner. HDAC6 deficiency in 5xFAD mice reduced BACE1 accumulation, Aβ deposition, ASC speck formation, and IL-1β levels, accompanied by improved cognitive performance. Transcriptomic profiling further revealed downregulation of disease-associated microglial and neurotoxic astrocyte signatures alongside enrichment of synaptic pathways. These findings establish HDAC6 as a dual regulator of Aβ production and neuroinflammation, highlighting it as a promising therapeutic target in AD.