Chemical Constituents of the Deep‐sea Gammarid Shrimp‐Derived Fungus Penicillium citrinum XIA‐16

Abstract One new alkaloid, ( S )‐2‐acetamido‐4‐(2‐(methylamino)phenyl)‐4‐oxobutanoic acid ( 1 ), was isolated from the deep‐sea‐derived Penicillium citrinum XIA‐16, together with 25 known compounds including ten polyketones ( 2–11 ), eight alkaloids ( 12–19 ), six steroids ( 20–25 ), and a fatty acid ( 26 ). Their planar and relative structures were determined by an analysis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as well as high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR‐ESI‐MS) data. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Penicitrinol B ( 6 ) significantly inhibited RSL3‐induced ferroptosis (EC 50 =2.0 μM) by reducing lipid peroxidation and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) expression. Under the concentration of 10 μM, penicitrinol A ( 7 ) was able to inhibit cuproptosis with the cell viabilities of 68.2 % compared to the negative control (copper and elesclomol) with the cell viabilities of 14.8 %.