Extracellular Vesicles Delivered by a Nanofiber‐Hydrogel Composite Enhance Healing In Vivo in a Model of Crohn's Disease Perianal Fistula

Abstract Perianal fistulas represent a common, aggressive, and disabling complication of Crohn's disease (CD). Despite recent drug developments, novel surgical interventions as well as multidisciplinary treatment approaches, the outcome is dismal, with >50% therapy failure rates. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer potential therapeutic benefits for treating fistulizing CD, due to the pro‐regenerative paracrine signals. However, a significant obstacle to clinical translation of EV‐based therapy is the rapid clearance and short half‐life of EVs in vivo. Here, an injectable, biodegradable nanofiber‐hydrogel composite (NHC) microgel matrix that serves as a carrier to deliver MSC‐derived EVs to a rat model of CD perianal fistula (PAF) is reported. It is found that EV‐loaded NHC (EV‐NHC) yields the best fistula healing when compared to other treatment arms. The MRI assessment reveals that the EV‐NHC reduces inflammation at the fistula site and promotes tissue healing. The enhanced therapeutic outcomes are contributed by extended local retention and sustained release of EVs by NHC. In addition, the EV‐NHC effectively reduces inflammation at the fistula site and promotes tissue healing and regeneration via macrophage polarization and neo‐vascularization. This EV‐NHC platform provides an off‐the‐shelf solution that facilitates its clinical translation.