New insights into antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of edible mushrooms

The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has opened a new market for functional foods with antibacterial activities. More than ever before, people are interested in the natural foods that offer a pathogen fighting benefits due to their obvious advantages over management of diseases. Consumers who are health aware are continually using functional foods in their dietary regimens both for their nutritious, associated health benefits values and convenience. Examples include plant-based essential oils, garlic, and mushrooms. Many studies were conducted on mushrooms crude extracts as functional food with antimicrobial properties, yet the bioactive compounds isolated are few or even rare. Because antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation are exacerbating the severity of infectious diseases worldwide, this review summarized the antimicrobial molecules compared to the number of extracts as well as the biofilm acting compounds and extracts from edible mushrooms in the last seven years to facilitate drawing the roadmap of anti-infectious agent's discovery from functional foods in the future. 156 compounds and more than 100 edible mushroom extracts with antibacterial, antifungal or biofilm inhibiting activities through the period from 2015 to 2022 were reviewed. Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus were thoroughly searched with relevant search words, and data reviewed indicated ninety active compounds against Gram (-ve), hundred and twenty active compounds against Gram (+ve), sixty-eight active compounds against fungi. The biofilm inhibition was revealed by nineteen compounds. Effective combinations active in biofilm inhibition were represented by quinic acid with uridine/inosine or adenine/oxalic mixtures. Activities against multi-resistant strains, represented by ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species), MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus), VRSA (Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and multi-resistant tuberculosis were shown by 39 compounds and extracts. Terpenoid compounds revealed the most potent antimicrobial action; for instance, cyathanes, cerevisterol, psathyrins and grifolaone. Because variation in cultural media is accompanied by a different response in fungal growth and mass yield as well as the variation of compounds of interest from one strain to another, the methods of isolation, cultures and media used are highlighted together with structure activity relationships when available.