Comparative Analysis of Eighteen IOL Power Calculation Formulas Using a Modified Formula Performance Index Across Diverse Biometric Parameters

Modern formulas, particularly Cooke K6, PEARL-DGS, and Barrett TK, demonstrated superior accuracy with lower PE variability than traditional formulas. Subgroup analysis highlighted the importance of biometric-driven formula selection to optimize refractive outcomes, providing a clinically reference for personalized IOL power selection.