Advances in Catalytic Host Cathodes for Aqueous Metal (Zn, Cu, Fe)-Ion Batteries

Aqueous batteries with conversion mechanisms show promise for large-scale energy storage due to the inherent safety, cost-effectiveness, high energy density, and eco-friendly advantages. However, redox species migration and sluggish kinetics critically impede the further development of aqueous-conversion batteries. The integration of catalytically active sites into host cathode materials has been proposed as an effective solution to these challenges, with notable advancements in research. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in catalytic host materials for aqueous metal-ion batteries (zinc-iodine, zinc-bromide, zinc-sulfur, zinc-selenium, zinc-tellurium, copper-sulfur, and iron-iodine), analyzing their catalytic mechanisms and conversion processes. Meanwhile, this review identifies current research limitations while proposing targeted strategies to overcome the challenges. This work deepens the understanding of aqueous metal (Zn, Cu, and Fe)-ion batteries and guides the rational design of advanced energy storage technologies.