Computational Modeling of Bone Cells and Their Biomechanical Behaviors in Responses to Mechanical Stimuli

Bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, have the ability to develop and maintain bone architecture. Although improved experimental testing approaches are increasing our understanding of the complex structures and functions of bone cells and bone, computational models, particularly finite element analyses, are being used to extend this knowledge and to develop a more theoretical understanding of bone cell behaviors. There are many challenges to developing an accurate and validated computational model due to the complex structure and biomechanical behaviors of the bone cells and bone tissue. A better understanding of the geometry and material properties of bone cells and bone will improve our understanding of the bone's biomechanical behaviors. In this review, we summarize and discuss the different geometric representations and material properties that have been used to model the bone cells. The current status of computational models, a comprehensive overview of the modeling methods for the bone cells, and the challenges for validating the models are presented.