A ferritin-targeted biohybrid triggering ferroptosis immunotherapy via activating endogenous iron and replenishing exogenous iron simultaneously

-modified nanoparticles simultaneously enhance iron content by activating endogenous iron ions and replenishing exogenous iron ions, which disrupts iron homeostasis for inducing ferroptosis in tumor cells. Photothermally enhanced ferroptosis based on Prussian blue nanoparticles also stimulates dendritic cell maturation. Moreover, M1 vesicles and iron ions from Prussian blue nanoparticles promote macrophage polarization to improve specific immunity. The mutual promotion of ferroptosis and antitumor immunity effectively results in a synergistic therapeutic circuit for inhibiting tumor growth and preventing cancer recurrence and metastasis in 4T1 tumor-bearing female mice, thus offering a promising strategy for drug-free biohybrid system-mediated ferroptosis immunotherapy.