Need satisfaction and frustration are not distinct in the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scales.

Murphy et al. (2023) examined the factor structure of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scales (BPNSFS; Chen et al., 2015) using student data sets. They found that this widely used instrument does not adequately capture the satisfaction-frustration distinction in Ryan and Deci's (2000) self-determination theory (SDT). Other studies like Holden et al. (2025) also found similar evidence but came to different conclusions about the structure of the BPNSFS. This study uses confirmatory factor analysis to examine the factor structure of the BPNSFS using a general population sample by directly addressing two shared-method response biases. Halo ("valence") and careless responding biases ("keying") were both controlled for using Big Five personality trait items as external validators (Anusic et al., 2009). After directly accounting for these shared-method bias effects, the distinction between SDT need satisfaction and need frustration is negligible. The results support the view that BPNSFS captures bipolar constructs and may also justify the view that autonomy may have unique satisfaction and frustration components. The study highlights the significant role of response styles in shaping BPNSFS results and calls for further research to determine whether the observed bipolarity reflects limitations of the BPNSFS or the nature of the SDT needs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).