Fabrication strategies, developments and challenges in perovskite solar cells

Abstract Perovskite Solar Cell (PSC) be highly efficient photovoltaic (PV) devices capable of directly converting sunlight into electricity. The electronic properties of materials play a critical role in this energy conversion process. This paper summarizes the electronic characteristics of lead-based perovskites to provide insights for designing highly efficient PSCs. Despite the short duration of its existence, PSC has experienced immense and significant growth. As a result, the literature reports power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of more than 26% at the laboratory scale. Additionally, the article explores various methods for fabricating high-quality perovskite films and discusses recent advancements in PSC technology. The concluding section addresses key challenges such as lead toxicity, stability issues, and environmental concerns associated with PSC fabrication, which are significant barriers to the widespread adoption of this promising photovoltaic technology.