Epigenetic reprogramming of the host immune system during acute HIV

Purpose of review This review explores the epigenetic mechanisms driving immune dysregulation during acute HIV, focusing on how early HIV exploits host epigenetic machinery to establish viral persistence and evade immune clearance. Recent findings Epigenetic reprogramming during acute HIV plays a pivotal role in shaping immune responses, establishing viral reservoirs, and driving persistent immune dysfunction. Recent studies leveraging genome-wide DNA methylation profiling, single-cell transcriptomics, and chromatin accessibility assays are elucidating key mechanisms through which HIV exploits the host epigenome to evade immune surveillance and promote viral persistence. Summary Epigenetic reprogramming during acute HIV is a critical determinant of viral persistence and immune dysfunction. Understanding these mechanisms offers new avenues for therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the epigenome to disrupt reservoir formation, enhance immune responses, and advance HIV cure efforts.