Colon health benefits of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles via modulating gut microbiota and immunity

Exosomes are nanoscale particles with a lipid bilayer membrane that were first identified in mammalian cells. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) share structural and molecular similarities with mammalian exosomes, including lipids, proteins, microRNA (miRNA), and plant-derived metabolites. Owing to their unique characteristics, such as outstanding stability, low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and sustainability, PELNs have emerged as promising natural bioactive agents with the capacity for cross-kingdom cellular regulation. Dietary supplementation with PELNs, particularly from fruits and vegetables, has demonstrated health benefits. An increasing number of studies have indicated the beneficial effects of PELNs on colon health. This review summarizes the isolation and characterization of PELNs, and their stability, uptake, and distribution after oral ingestion. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the interactions between PELNs, gut microbiota, and the gut immune system, including the uptake of PELNs by gut microbiota, modulation of gut bacteria metabolism, and immune responses by PELNs. Additionally, the applications of PELNs as bioactive components and drug carriers targeting the colon are reviewed. In summary, PELNs represent a versatile and natural approach to improve colon health, with potential applications in both therapeutic and preventive healthcare strategies.