Subcutaneous adipose tissue circadian gene expression: Relationship with insulin sensitivity, obesity, and the effect of weight-reducing dietary intervention

The circadian rhythms are controlled by the central clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei and by the peripheral clocks in tissues, including adipose tissue. The adipose tissue circadian clock may be associated with the regulation of insulin action; however, human data are limited. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue circadian genes as they relate to obesity and insulin sensitivity before and after diet-induced weight loss.The study group comprised 38 individuals who were overweight or obese. The individuals completed a 12-wk dietary intervention program. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy were performed before and after the program. Sixteen normal weight individuals were examined at baseline and served as a control group.At baseline, individuals who were overweight/obese had lower adipose tissue expression of NR1D1, NR1D2, DBP, PER1, and PER2 than normal weight individuals. The expression of ARNTL, CLOCK, and CRY did not differ between the groups. A weight-reducing dietary intervention resulted in an increase in the expression of adipose tissue NR1D2 and DBP, which was positively related to insulin sensitivity both before (in the entire study group and in the subgroup of overweight/obese individuals) and after the dietary intervention.Adipose tissue circadian gene expression is decreased in obesity and this decrease may be partially reversed by dietary intervention. Among circadian genes, NR1D2 and DBP seem to be specifically associated with insulin action.