[Post-tuberculosis lung disease: a neglected disease].

Globally, the number of patients with post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD) is huge, with high morbidity and mortality. PTLD is defined as chronic respiratory abnormality that affects large and small airways (bronchiectasis and obstructive lung disease), lung parenchyma, pulmonary vasculature, and pleura and may be complicated, with or without symptoms, attributable at least in part to previous pulmonary tuberculosis. The aforementioned chronic respiratory abnormality may be complicated due to coinfection such as fungi and nontuberculosis mycobacteria. Risk factors for PTLD include multiple episodes of tuberculosis, drug-resistant tuberculosis, delays in diagnosis, smoking, and possible diabetes. Empirical expert opinion advocates preventive anti-tuberculosis treatment for high-risk groups of tuberculosis, early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, surgical treatment for specific groups, pulmonary rehabilitation for patients after tuberculosis treatment, early identification and treatment of co-infection. It is effective to prevent the occurrence of PTLD, improve the treatment effect, and prevent the deterioration of the disease. As a high TB burden country, PTLD has been seriously neglected in China. Internationally, there is currently a lack of epidemiological survey data on post-TB pulmonary disease, and there are few studies on its clinical characteristics, risk factors, prevention, and treatment. With an emerging literature on PTLD, collaborative research is urgently needed to inform our understanding of the natural history, prevention, and treatment of PTLD, and to allow for the development of much needed evidence-based guidelines.全球范围内，结核后肺疾病患者数量庞大，发病率及病死率均高。结核后肺疾病是指部分或全部由肺结核病引起的慢性呼吸系统异常的一组肺疾病，伴或不伴有临床症状。慢性呼吸系统异常易继发真菌、非结核分枝杆菌等条件致病菌感染，也容易发生结核复燃或再感染。肺结核诊断延迟、抗结核治疗不规范、感染耐药结核菌、吸烟、合并糖尿病等是发生结核后肺疾病的危险因素。推荐对肺结核高危人群进行预防性抗结核治疗，早期诊断及治疗肺结核，对特定人群手术治疗，对抗结核治疗后患者进行肺康复治疗，早期识别及治疗结核后肺疾病继发感染，以上措施对预防结核后肺疾病的发生，提高治疗效果，防止疾病的恶化有效。中国作为结核病高负担国家，结核后肺疾病被我们严重忽视。目前，国际范围内，结核后肺疾病缺乏流行病学调查数据，其临床特征、危险因素、预防及治疗相关研究较少。期望能够通过该专题引起业界对结核后肺疾病的重视，加强多学科之间的合作，深入开展该病的基础和临床研究，积累更多的资料和数据，为制定临床指南提供重要依据。.