Navigating the frontiers of graphene quality control to enable product optimisation and market confidence

Abstract With graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials now enhancing products used in everyday life, the scale of industrial production of many different types of 2D nanomaterials requires quality control (QC) processes that can be performed rapidly, non-destructively, in-line and in a cost-effective manner. These materials must be repeatably produced with targeted material properties, to reduce the costs associated with nonconformity of products, and so multiple QC methods that can monitor different material properties are required. Herein, we describe different measurands and associated techniques that either have the potential to be used for QC, or are already being used in this way, whether that off-line, at-line or in-line. The advantages and disadvantages of different techniques are detailed, as well as possible solutions that can ensure confidence in these methods and lead to measurement traceability in this growing industry.