Trait-like visual cortical hyperactivity in trait anxiety

Sensory processing varies across individuals, with some traits-particularly sensory hypersensitivity to basic non-valenced stimuli-linked to emotional traits and psychiatric risk. Traditional accounts attribute this sensory-emotion linkage to limbic or prefrontal modulation, but empirical support is limited. Growing evidence suggests sensory cortex itself flexibly encodes value beyond labeled-line analysis. Across four high-density EEG experiments with multi-wave assessments, we identified reliable visual cortical hyperactivity in high trait anxiety. The effect emerged as early as 46 ms, localized to V1/V2, and was specific to the parvocellular pathway. It was reproducible across arousal states, stimulus valence, extended intervals, and paradigms, and evident for both simple (grating) and complex real-world images. Importantly, cortical excitation-inhibition balance (EEG aperiodic exponent/1/f slope) predicted parvocellular responses in low- but not high-anxiety individuals, implicating disrupted E/I modulation. Thus, trait anxiety alters early visual processing, aligning cortical computations with an individual's intrinsic biological propensity from the outset.