Progress in nano-technology development and nano-material selection for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have garnered significant attention as potential energy conversion devices. However, the high operating temperature presents a critical challenge in material selection and device fabrication. High-performing materials with excellent ionic conductivity have significantly improved electrochemical performance at intermediate and low temperatures. Low-temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFCs) face key challenges, such as low ionic conductivity, high activation energies, and poor catalytic reactions of electrodes at lower temperatures. Addressing these major issues involves the utilization of cutting-edge material synthesis and fabrication technologies. The selection of high-performing materials also plays a crucial role in mitigating these challenges. This review article will primarily discuss efficient strategies and advanced technologies employed to enhance fuel cell performance, especially at low temperatures. Additionally, recent developments in material selection through surface and interface modification will be highlighted, along with their beneficial impacts on improving ionic conductivities and device performance at low operating temperatures.