Anatomy of the Trachea

The trachea serves as a conduit for inspiration and expiration of air; apparatus for phonation; mucociliary escalator for airway clearance and pulmonary defense; and allows for the more distal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Each of these functions is a result of the embryologic development and resultant structural anatomy of the trachea. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of tracheal embryology and anatomy, including endoscopic anatomy and airway imaging techniques.