3D‐printed titanium scaffolds loaded with gelatin hydrogel containing strontium‐doped silver nanoparticles promote osteoblast differentiation and antibacterial activity for bone tissue engineering

Abstract Bone tissue engineering offers a promising alternative to stimulate the regeneration of damaged tissue, overcoming the limitations of conventional autografts and allografts. Recently, titanium alloy (Ti) implants have garnered significant attention for treating critical‐sized bone defects, especially with the advancement of 3D printing technology. Although Ti alloys have impressive versatility, their lack of cellular adhesion, osteogenic and antibacterial properties are significant factors that contribute to their failure. Hence, to overcome these obstacles, this study aimed to incorporate osteoinductive and antibacterial cue‐loaded hydrogels into 3D‐printed Ti (3D‐Ti) scaffolds. 3D‐Ti scaffolds were synthesized using the direct metal laser sintering method and loaded with a gelatin (Gel) hydrogel containing strontium‐doped silver nanoparticles (Sr‐Ag NPs). Compared with Ag NPs, Sr‐doped Ag NPs increased the expression of Runx2 mRNA, which is a key bone transcription factor. We subjected the bioactive 3D‐hybrid scaffolds (3D‐Ti/Gel/Sr‐Ag NPs) to physicochemical and material characterization, followed by cytocompatibility and osteogenic evaluation. The microporous and macroporous topographies of the scaffolds with Sr‐Ag NPs showed increased Runx2 expression and matrix mineralization, with potent antibacterial properties. Therefore, the 3D‐Ti scaffolds incorporated with Sr‐Ag NP‐loaded Gel hydrogels favored osteoblast differentiation and antibacterial activity, indicating their potential for orthopedic applications.