Drug-induced acute kidney injury: a cohort study on incidence, identification of pathophysiological mechanisms, and prognostic factors

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common clinical syndrome characterized by an abrupt decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which can cause severe alterations in blood volume and acid-base balance. Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury (DI-AKI) is associated with exposure to nephrotoxic medications, particularly among hospitalized patients. Adverse drug reactions comprises type A and type B reactions. Type A reactions are predictable based on the pharmacology of the substance, dose-dependent, and manifest as Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN). Type B reactions are unpredictable, idiosyncratic, not dose-dependent, and manifest as Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN), Crystal-Induced Nephropathy, among others.