Cytokine profiles in Tibetan macaques following α‐1,3‐galactosyltransferase‐knockout pig liver xenotransplantation

Abstract Background Pig‐to‐nonhuman primate orthotopic liver xenotransplantation is often accompanied by thrombocytopenia and coagulation disorders. Furthermore, the release of cytokines can trigger cascade reactions of coagulation and immune attacks within transplant recipients. To better elucidate the process of inflammation in liver xenograft recipients, we utilized a modified heterotopic auxiliary liver xenotransplantation model for xeno‐immunological research. We studied the cytokine profiles and the relationship between cytokine levels and xenograft function after liver xenotransplantation. Methods Appropriate donor and recipient matches were screened using complement‐dependent cytotoxicity assays. Donor liver grafts from α1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene‐knockout ( GTKO ) pigs or GTKO pigs additionally transgenic for human CD 47 ( GTKO / CD 47) were transplanted into Tibetan macaques via two different heterotrophic auxiliary liver xenotransplantation procedures. The cytokine profiles, hepatic function, and coagulation parameters were monitored during the clinical course of xenotransplantation. Results Xenograft blood flow was stable in recipients after heterotopic auxiliary transplantation. A Doppler examination indicated that the blood flow speed was faster in the hepatic artery ( HA ) and hepatic vein ( HV ) of xenografts subjected to the modified Sur II ( HA ‐abdominal aorta+ HV ‐inferior vena cava) procedure than in those subjected to our previously reported Sur I ( HA ‐splenic artery+ HV ‐left renal vein) procedure. Tibetan macaques receiving liver xenografts did not exhibit severe coagulation disorders or immune rejection. Although the recipients did suffer from a rapid loss of platelets, this loss was mild. In blood samples dynamically collected after xenotransplantation (post‐Tx), dramatic increases in the levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin ( IL )‐8, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, IL ‐6, and interferon gamma‐induced protein 10 were observed at 1 hour post‐Tx, even under immunosuppression. We further confirmed that the elevation in individual cytokine levels was correlated with the onset of graft damage. Finally, the release of cytokines might contribute to leukocyte infiltration in the xenografts. Conclusion Here, we established a modified auxiliary liver xenotransplantation model resulting in near‐normal hepatic function. Inflammatory cytokines might contribute to early damage in liver xenografts. Controlling the systemic inflammatory response of recipients might prevent early post‐Tx graft dysfunction.