Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Suppresses Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Promotes Cellular Redox Balance in Human Melanocytes via Nrf2-ARE Pathway

binding to the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) present in the promoter of major antioxidant enzymes.The Nrf2-ARE pathway is stimulated by changes in the redox state of the cell and functions to restore homeostasis by upregulating antioxidant, xenobiotic metabolizing, and other cytoprotective proteins and enzymes constituting over 600 gene targets [8][9].Scientific literature is also progressively uncovering a substantial role for Nrf2 in the metabolism and protection of skin cells [10][11][12][13].Most research links redox imbalance to the pathogenesis of vitiligo [14][15][16].Redox implications including systemic increases in oxidant status with simultaneous decreases in antioxidant status; downregulation of enzymatic antioxidants like Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), and Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD); and upregulation of ROS Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) have been documented [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].Various scientific studies associate vitiligo with multiple classical manifestations of oxidative stress such as lipid peroxidation, impaired signaling, structural irregularities, and dysfunction of cellular