Expression of apelin and apelin receptor (APJ) in porcine ovarian follicles and in vitro effect of apelin on steroidogenesis and proliferation through APJ activation and different signaling pathways

Apelin was thought to be an adipocyte-specific hormone, but recent studies indicate a link between apelin and female reproductive function. Using real-time PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and ELISA, we demonstrated expression of apelin and its receptor (APJ) in ovarian follicles of different sizes from mature pigs. Apelin concentration in the follicular fluid, and expression of both apelin and APJ, increased with follicular growth; greatest values were found in large follicles. Immunohistochemistry revealed the positive staining for apelin and APJ in membranes of granulosa, than theca cells. Furthermore, we observed strong expression of apelin in oocytes and APJ in the zona pellucida. The effect of apelin (0.02, 0.2, 2 and 20 ng/ml) on basal and IGF1- and FSH-induced steroid hormone (progesterone [P4], and estradiol [E2]) secretion, steroidogenic enzyme (3βHSD and CYP19A1) expression and cell proliferation (Alamar blue) was determined. Apelin was found to increase basal steroid secretion, but decrease IGF1- and FSH-induced steroid secretion, and 3βHSD and CYP19 expression. Apelin also increased cell proliferation and the phosphorylation level of 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphatidyl inositol 3′ kinase/Akt (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2). AMPKα was involved in the action of apelin in P4 production, and MAPK/ERK and Akt/PI3 mediated the proliferative effect of apelin. However, these effects on steroid secretion and cell proliferation were abolished when cultured in the presence of ML221, an APJ antagonist. In conclusion, apelin appears to regulate ovarian follicular functions such as steroidogenesis and proliferation via APJ activation and different signaling pathways.