Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related arthritis and oral disorders: shared pathophysiology and clinical implications for rheumatology and oral health

Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized contemporary cancer treatment by enhancing anti-tumor immune responses and mitigating the suppressive effects of inhibitory molecules within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, these immunotherapies may also induce immune-related adverse events (IrAEs), resulting in various disorders, including arthritis and oral diseases, which can negatively impact patients’ quality of life and treatment outcomes. To effectively oversee ICI therapies and address immune dysregulation, it is essential to comprehend the interactions between these components. This review offers a comprehensive overview of ICI-induced arthritis and oral disorders, encompassing mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Furthermore, it addresses emerging research pathways to improve clinical outcomes and patient care.