Antiferroelectric phase transitions in single crystals PbZrO3:Sn revisited

This paper is a review of earlier results which have been completed with recent investigations on the nature and sequence of phase transitions evolving in the antiferroelectric PbZr1–xSnxO3 single crystals (0 < x < 0.35). It was found that these crystals undergo several first-order phase transitions. To investigate these transitions, five experimental methods were used to characterize the crystal properties: birefringence, Raman light scattering, dielectric, thermodynamic and electromechanical methods, and the atomic force microscopy-piezoresponse force microscopy (AFM-PFM) method to focus also on nanoscale properties. Temperature dependencies have been tentatively measured in a wide range, including a region above TC, where precursor dynamics is observed in the form of non-centrosymmetric regions existing locally in crystal lattices.New experimental data (Raman light scattering and PFM) are presented mainly to revise the phase diagram and, at the same time, to complement other studies on the problem of pre-transitional effects. The phase transition mechanism in PbZr1–xSnxO3 is discussed taking into account the incommensurability of crystal lattices, ferroelastic behavior of multicell cubic phases, electric field influence on antiferroelectric to ferroelectric transformation, and flexoelectric effect.