Compounds from the fruits of Nicandra physaloides and their potential anti-inflammatory activities

• Four new compounds were isolated from the fruits of Nicandra physaloides . • Seventeen known compounds were isolated from the genus Physalis for the first time. • Four compounds were showed strong anti-inflammatory activities. Twenty-one compounds were isolated and identified from the ethanol extract of the fruits of Nicandra physaloides , including four new ( 1 – 4 ) and 17 known compounds ( 5 – 21 ). All the compounds were isolated from the genus Physalis for the first time. In this study, NMR spectroscopy was used to study the compound structures by comparing their data with those reported in the literature. Moreover, the potential anti-inflammatory activity of RAW264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was evaluated. Among the monoterpenoids, compounds ( 5–7 , 9 ) exhibited weak anti-inflammatory activities, with IC 50 values ranging from 29.10 to 68.30 μM.