Dyes, Anthraquinone

Abstract The history and current situation of the anthraquinone dye industry, and basic chemistry of anthraquinone compounds (color and structure, and general method of synthesis) are discussed. The manufacturing processes of key intermediates are illustrated both on the basis of industrial importance and the latest advances in research and development. Emphasis is placed on process improvements in view of environmental issues. The properties and the preparation of anthraquinone dyes are discussed according to dye type: reactive dyes (bromamine acid derivatives with sulfatoethylsulfonyl, chlorotriazine, and other heterocyclic functional group), disperse dyes (1‐amino‐4‐hydroxy‐anthraquinones, 1,4‐diaminoanthraquinone‐2,3‐dicarboxyimides, 1,4,5,8‐substituted anthraquinones, 1,4‐diaminoanthraquinones, andN‐substituted‐1‐amino‐4‐hydroxyanthraquinones), acid dyes (bromamine acid derivatives and quinizarin derivatives), vat dyes (benzanthrones, indanthrones, anthrimides, anthrimidocarbazoles, acylaminoanthraquinones, anthraquinoneazoles, anthraquinone acridones, anthrapyrimidines, and other highly condensed ring systems), and mordant dyes. Recent advances in functional dyes related to the electronics industry are also presented. Economic aspects of the anthraquinone dye industry are included and health and safety information is presented.