Characterization of the Metabolites of Neonicotinoid Insecticide Imidaclothiz in Mice

As a member of the neonicotinoid group, imidaclothiz has garnered increasing attention due to its possible health risks. This study investigated the metabolism and distribution of imidaclothiz in mice. Seven imidaclothiz metabolites were found, four of which are known, and three are unknown. The metabolic reactions observed were hydroxylation, nitrate ester hydrolysis, methylation, urea formation, and reduction to NO. Precise quantification revealed that after 2 h of oral administration, imidaclothiz rapidly dispersed into various organs and tissues, peaking at 4 h, and was then swiftly eliminated. No propensity for accumulation in the body, particularly in the liver, was observed. Toxicity data from the T.E.S.T prediction indicated that imidaclothiz had moderate toxicity to rats, and a majority of its metabolites were more toxic than the parent compound. These findings complement the existing knowledge of the imidaclothiz environmental fate in mammals and offer a reference point for its application in agriculture and industry.