Interleukin 21 Drives a Hypermetabolic State and CD4+ T-Cell–Associated Pathogenicity in Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

BACKGROUND & AIMS Incapacitated regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to immune-mediated diseases. Inflammatory Tregs are evident during human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, mechanisms driving the development of these cells and their function are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the role of cellular metabolism in Tregs relevant to gut homeostasis. METHODS Using human Tregs, we performed mitochondrial ultrastructural studies via electron microscopy and confocal imaging, biochemical and protein analyses using proximity ligation assay, immunoblotting, mass cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, metabolomics, gene expression analysis, and real-time metabolic profiling utilizing Seahorse XF analyzer. We utilized Crohn’s disease single-cell RNA sequencing dataset to infer therapeutic relevance of targeting metabolic pathways in inflammatory Tregs. We examined the superior functionality of genetically-modified Tregs in CD4+ T cell-induced murine colitis models. RESULTS Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appositions, known to mediate pyruvate entry into mitochondria via VDAC1, are abundant in Tregs. VDAC1 inhibition perturbed pyruvate metabolism, eliciting sensitization to other inflammatory signals reversible by membrane-permeable methyl pyruvate (MePyr) supplementation. Notably, IL-21 diminished mitochondria-ER appositions, resulting in enhanced enzymatic function of glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β), a putative negative regulator of VDAC1, and a hypermetabolic state that amplified Treg inflammatory response. MePyr and GSK3β pharmacologic inhibitor (LY2090314) reversed IL-21-induced metabolic rewiring and inflammatory state. Moreover, IL-21-induced metabolic genes in Tregs in vitro were enriched in human Crohn’s disease intestinal Tregs. Adoptively transferred Il21r-/- Tregs efficiently rescued murine colitis in contrast to wild-type Tregs. CONCLUSIONS IL-21 triggers metabolic dysfunction associated with Treg inflammatory response. Inhibiting IL-21-induced metabolism in Tregs may mitigate CD4+ T cell-driven chronic intestinal inflammation. Incapacitated regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to immune-mediated diseases. Inflammatory Tregs are evident during human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, mechanisms driving the development of these cells and their function are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the role of cellular metabolism in Tregs relevant to gut homeostasis. Using human Tregs, we performed mitochondrial ultrastructural studies via electron microscopy and confocal imaging, biochemical and protein analyses using proximity ligation assay, immunoblotting, mass cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, metabolomics, gene expression analysis, and real-time metabolic profiling utilizing Seahorse XF analyzer. We utilized Crohn’s disease single-cell RNA sequencing dataset to infer therapeutic relevance of targeting metabolic pathways in inflammatory Tregs. We examined the superior functionality of genetically-modified Tregs in CD4+ T cell-induced murine colitis models. Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appositions, known to mediate pyruvate entry into mitochondria via VDAC1, are abundant in Tregs. VDAC1 inhibition perturbed pyruvate metabolism, eliciting sensitization to other inflammatory signals reversible by membrane-permeable methyl pyruvate (MePyr) supplementation. Notably, IL-21 diminished mitochondria-ER appositions, resulting in enhanced enzymatic function of glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β), a putative negative regulator of VDAC1, and a hypermetabolic state that amplified Treg inflammatory response. MePyr and GSK3β pharmacologic inhibitor (LY2090314) reversed IL-21-induced metabolic rewiring and inflammatory state. Moreover, IL-21-induced metabolic genes in Tregs in vitro were enriched in human Crohn’s disease intestinal Tregs. Adoptively transferred Il21r-/- Tregs efficiently rescued murine colitis in contrast to wild-type Tregs. IL-21 triggers metabolic dysfunction associated with Treg inflammatory response. Inhibiting IL-21-induced metabolism in Tregs may mitigate CD4+ T cell-driven chronic intestinal inflammation.